***The Computational Photography Project for Pill Identification (C3PI) was discontinued in 2018. No new images will be added to the collection. Identifiers for pills will not be updated.***

The Computational Photography Project for Pill Identification (C3PI) created the RxIMAGE database of freely available high-quality digital images of prescription pills and associated data for use in conducting computer vision research in text- and image-based search and retrieval. Photographs of pills for the RxIMAGE database were taken under laboratory lighting conditions, from a camera directly above the front and the back faces of the pill, at high resolution, and using specialized digital macro-photography techniques. Image segmentation algorithms were then applied to create the JPEG images in the database.

Historical information about the project is available in the NLM archive at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7867/20190423182937/https:/lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/project/c3pi-computational-photography-project-pill-identification.

The 17,000 NHANES images are available in the following formats:

jpg - full spatial resolution and 8-bit grayscale
jpgahe – jpg with adaptive histogram equalization (AHE)
jpgaheus - jpg with adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) followed by unsharp masking
tif8 - full spatial resolution and 8-bit grayscale resolution in TIFF format
tif8roi - A small subset of the cervical spine images is available at full spatial resolution and 8-bit, cropped to regions of interest containing the spine area
fullres - The 17,000 NHANES II images at full spatial and full 12-bit grayscale resolution, in raw "nh2" format, uncompressed
marks - Vertebra coordinate values for a subset of about 600 of the images is available in ASCII text format

Information about the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II)

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control (NCHS/CDC), were designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States through interviews and direct physical examinations.

These images are the digitized versions of the 17,000 x-ray films collected during the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) conducted by the NCHS during the years 1976-1980. In NHANES II 20,322 individuals were both interviewed and examined. For examined persons aged 25 through 74, two x-rays were made, with the exceptions that no x-rays were taken of pregnant women and no lumbar x-rays were taken on women under 50 years of age. X-rays of the cervical and lumbar spines were taken to provide evidence of osteoarthitis and degenerative disc disease.

The films were subsequently digitized at a horizontal and vertical sampling rate of 146 dpi using Lumisys laser scanning equipment.

The NHANES radiographs were scanned by Dr. Bernie Huang at the University of California at Los Angeles and the University of California at San Francisco. Dr. Huang’s group used a Lumysis 100 with a 175 micron spot to scan the first 6000 radiographs. The remaining radiographs were scanned on the Lumysis 150 again with a 175 micron spot size.

NOTE: This dataset is no-longer updated with new content.

The Interaction API is a web service for accessing drug-drug interactions. No license is needed to use the Interaction API. Currently, the API uses DrugBank for its interaction information.

I-MAGIC is an interactive tool to demonstrate how the SNOMED CT to ICD-10-CM map (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/mapping_projects/snomedct_to_icd10cm.html) can be used to generate ICD-10-CM codes from clinical problems coded in SNOMED CT. It simulates a problem list entry interface in which the user searches for problem terms which are mapped to SNOMED CT codes in the back end. The SNOMED CT codes are then used to derive ICD-10-CM codes using the Map.

MAGPIE is an interactive tool to help users (e.g., professional coders, researchers, clinicians) find SNOMED CT and ICD-10-PCS codes for medical procedures and interventions. MAGPIE is an NLM research tool (it has not been tested in a production environment), and is developed primarily for the 2018 version of ICD-10-PCS. MAGPIE combines lexical and map-assisted searching strategies to look for SNOMED CT, ICD-9-CM, and ICD-10-PCS codes sequentially.

The MEDLINE/PubMed Baseline Repository (MBR) provides access to each MEDLINE/PubMed Baseline snapshot starting with the 2002 MEDLINE Baseline. Each baseline contains a snapshot of MEDLINE citations in the state they were at a given moment in time without the MeSH vocabulary updates and other revisions that occur during the year. The baseline snapshot is created at the beginning of each new MeSH Indexing Year. The records included in the MEDLINE/PubMed Baseline databases represent a static view of the data at the time each baseline database was created.

MedPix is a database of patient cases integrating images and textual information. The content material is organized by disease location (organ system), pathology category, patient profiles, and by image classification and caption. Additional information at https://medpix.nlm.nih.gov/home

MetaMap is a highly configurable application developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to map biomedical text to the UMLS Metathesaurus or, equivalently, to identify Metathesaurus concepts referred to in English text. MetaMap employs a knowledge-intensive approach, natural-language processing (NLP), and computational-linguistic techniques, and is used worldwide in industry and academia. At NLM, MetaMap is one of the foundations of NLM's Medical Text Indexer (MTI), which is applied to both semiautomatic and fully automatic indexing of biomedical literature. Technical documentation at http://metamap.nlm.nih.gov/#Downloads

The Meeting Abstracts database contains selected abstracts from meetings and conferences in the subject areas of: AIDS, Health Services Research, and Space Life Sciences, published between 1990 – 2010. The abstracts are organized into three collections, each available in XML file format. This dataset is no-longer updated.

Open-i service provides search and retrieval of abstracts and images (including charts, graphs, clinical images, etc.) from the open source literature, and biomedical image collections. Searching may be done by text queries as well as by query images.